Spatial Clustering of Childhood Stunting and Household Water Insecurity in Peri-Urban Settlements of Sub-Saharan Africa: A Multilevel Geospatial Analysis of the 2019–2022 DHS Cohort
Keywords:
childhood stunting, household water insecurity, peri-urban health disparities, geospatial epidemiology, sub-Saharan Africa, multilevel analysis, WASH interventions, Demographic and Health Survey, spatial autocorrelationAbstract
Childhood stunting remains a pervasive indicator of chronic undernutrition and structural inequity across sub-Saharan Africa, yet its geospatial co-distribution with household water insecurity in peri-urban zones is insufficiently characterised. This study applied multilevel logistic regression and kernel density estimation to Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from six sub-Saharan African nations (2019–2022; n = 48,714 child-records) to identify spatial clusters of stunting prevalence co-localised with inadequate access to potable water. Moran's I statistic confirmed significant positive spatial autocorrelation (I = 0.47; p < 0.001). Adjusted analyses revealed that children in water-insecure households faced a 2.3-fold elevated odds of stunting (aOR = 2.31; 95% CI: 2.09–2.56). Hotspot convergence zones were concentrated in peri-urban transitional belts. Findings underscore the necessity of spatially targeted water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions integrated within national nutritional surveillance frameworks.
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